Directory

Language-independent columnar in-memory format and libraries that let DuckDB, Polars, pandas, Spark and databases exchange tables without copying

In-process analytical SQL database that queries Parquet, CSV and Arrow data directly from Python, R, Node or the CLI

Python library extending pandas with geometry columns, spatial operations, reprojection, spatial joins and file I/O for vector geodata

Rust-based DataFrame library with Python, Rust, Node and R bindings offering lazy query optimization, multithreading and Arrow-native memory

General-purpose, dynamically typed programming language with a large standard library and the dominant ecosystem for data science and machine learning